TURMERIC |
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1. Introduction |
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is native to Asia and India. The tuberous rhizomes or underground
stems of turmeric have been used from antiquity as condiments, a dye and as an aromatic stimulant in
several medicines. Turmeric is very important spice in India, which produces nearly entire whole
world’s crop and consumes 80% of it. India is by far the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in
the world. Turmeric occupies about 6% of the total area under spices and condiments in India. |
World scenario |
Turmeric is also cultivated in China, Myanmar, Nigeria and Bangladesh. However, authentic
figures about area and production are not available. Major area is in India which constitutes 82%
followed by China (8%), Myanmar (4%), Nigeria (3%) and Bangladesh (3%) |
Indian scenario |
There is an increase from 162.9 thousand ha in 2001-02 to177.5 thousand ha in 2005-06.
Similarly, the production has increased from 552.3 thousand tons in 2001-02 to 846.7 thousand tons
in 2005-06.The details are given in table 14.1. |
Table 14.1: Area, production and productivity of turmeric in India |
YEAR |
AREA
( 000’ha) |
PRODUCTION
(000’tons) |
PRODUCTIVITY
(tons/ha) |
2001-02 |
162.9 |
552.3 |
3.3 |
2002-03 |
149.8 |
526.4 |
3.5 |
2003-04 |
150.7 |
567.2 |
3.7 |
2004-05 |
158.4 |
718.1 |
4.5 |
2005-06 |
177.5 |
846.7 |
4.7 |
|
Source: http://www.indianspices.com/pdf/state_prd.pdf |
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2. |
Major producing states with production of last three years |
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The main turmeric producing states in India are Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa,
Karnataka, West Bengal, Gujarat and Kerala. Maximum area under turmeric cultivation is in Andhra
Pradesh (69.9 thousand ha), where production is very high ie.518.5 thousand tons. Then comes Tamil
Nadu (area 25.9 thousand ha and production is 143.3 thousand tons), followed by Orissa and West
Bengal (area is 24.0 thousand ha and 11.8 thousand ha respectively whereas production is 57 |
thousand tons. and 25 thousand tons. respectively) Productivity of turmeric like ginger is highest in
Gujarat. The details are given below in the table 14.2 |
Table 14.2: Area, production and productivity of leading turmeric growing states in India |
|
STATE |
AREA
(000’ha) |
PRODUCTION
(000’tons) |
PRODUCTIVITY
(tons/ha) |
|
2003-04 |
2004-05 |
2005-06 |
2003-04 |
2004-05 |
2005-06 |
2003-04 |
2004-05 |
2005-06 |
Andhra
Pradesh |
58.4 |
60.3 |
69.9 |
320.6 |
417.8 |
518.5 |
5.4 |
6.9 |
7.4 |
Tamil Nadu |
16.1 |
21.6 |
25.9 |
67.2 |
118.4 |
143.3 |
4.1 |
5.4 |
5.5 |
Orissa |
23.7 |
23.5 |
24.0 |
56.4 |
55.9 |
57.0 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
West Bengal |
12.6 |
12.4 |
11.8 |
24.5 |
24.4 |
25.0 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
Karnataka |
5.4 |
5.4 |
5.4 |
26.3 |
26.3 |
26.3 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
Gujarat |
0.95 |
1.02 |
1.4 |
11.1 |
14.1 |
16.5 |
11.6 |
13.8 |
11.7 |
Kerala |
2.7 |
2.8 |
3.3 |
5.6 |
6.2 |
8.2 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
2.4 |
Sikkim |
0.51 |
0.52 |
0.67 |
1.7 |
1.74 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
5.3 |
Others |
30.3 |
30.9 |
35.2 |
53.8 |
53. |
48.3 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
1.3 |
Total |
150.7 |
158.4 |
177.5 |
567.2 |
718.1 |
846.7 |
3.7 |
4.5 |
4.7 |
|
Source: http://www.indianspices.com/pdf/state_prd.pdf |
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3. |
Commercially grown varieties |
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There are about 30 turmeric varieties grown in India. Among them Alleppey and Madras
(Perianadan) are of great commercial importance. Some of the improved varieties are:
CO-11983, BSR-11986, Krishna, Roma, Suroma, Ranga, Rasmi, Megha Turmeric-1, Suguna,
Sudarshana, Suranjana, Duggirala, Kodur, Suvarna, Varna, IISR Prabha, IISR Pratibha, Rajendra
Sonia etc. Description of some of the varieties is given below: |
Table 14.3: Some of the commercial and improved varieties |
|
Variety |
Characteristics |
Alleppey |
Highly coloured variety.It is grown in Kerala and is marketed as Alleppey turmeric. |
Duggirala |
A long duration type (9 months), major variety of Andhra Pradesh. Rhizomes are
bright yellow in colour.Grown mostly in Guntur district. Yield of raw material 25
tons./ha. |
Armoor |
Mostly grown in Nizamabad district of Andhra Pradesh. Medium duration type.
Yield of raw material 25-30 tons/ha. |
Suvarna |
This is a high yielding type released by IISR, Calicut. It has yield potential of 43
tons/ha.It has also high curcumin content of 8.7% |
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4. |
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) |
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Use of improved cultivars namely, Suvarna, Suguna, Sudharshana, Prabha and Pratibha. |
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For control of shoot borer namely, application of insecticides and biopesticides (Bacillus
thuringiensis product) need to be used. |
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Proper technologies for the storage of seed rhizomes, seed treatment with fungicides and
insecticides and use of leaf mulches should be adopted. |
5. |
Harvesting season of crop |
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STATES |
JAN` |
FEB |
MAR |
APR |
MAY |
JUN |
JULY |
AUG |
SEP |
OCT |
NOV |
DEC |
Andhra
Pradesh |
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Tamil Nadu |
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Orissa |
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West Bengal |
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Karnataka |
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Gujarat |
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*The above graph showing harvest pattern in leading turmeric growing states. |
Source: http://www.indianspices.com/ |
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Turmeric is available in the markets almost throughout the year. |
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7. (a) |
Concentrated pockets |
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The details of concentrated pockets of turmeric in different states are given below in table 14.4. |
Table 14.4: Showing concentrated pockets of turmeric in India. |
|
State |
Districts |
Andhra Pradesh |
Cuddapah, Adilabad, Medak, Nizamabad, Guntur |
Gujarat |
Kheda, Anand, Sabarkantha |
Kerala |
Wayanad, Palakkadu, Idukki, Kollam,Kozhikode |
Tamil Nadu |
Karur,Villupuram,Coimbatore,Salem,Dharmapuri,Krishnagri,Erode |
Orissa |
Gajapati,Kalahandi,Keonjhar,Koraput,Belasore,Mayurbhanj,
Phulbani,Nayagarh,Cuttack. |
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7. (b) |
Catchment areas of market |
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Table 14.5: Showing the details of catchment areas of market of turmeric in leading states |
|
States |
Districts |
Blocks |
Andhra
Pradesh |
Cuddapah |
Jammalamdugu, Proddatur, Muddanaru, Kamalapuram,
Lakkireddipalle, Rajampet, Rayachoti, Koduru. |
|
States |
Districts |
Blocks |
|
Adilabad |
Boath, Mudhol, Nirmal, Utnur, Sirpur, Chinnur, Lakshettipet, |
Medak, |
Dubak,Mirdoddi,Siddipet,Sadaseopet,Zanirabad,Sangareddi,Narsapur, |
Nizamabad |
Madnur,Bodhan,Banola,Banswada,Kamareddi,Yellareddi, |
Guntur |
Piduguralla, Prattipadu, Ponnuru, Pallapatla, Repalle, Manglagiri,
Puru, Vinukonda, Durgi. |
Gujarat |
Kheda, |
Kapadwanj, Balasinor, Tharsa, Madhudha, Mehmedabad, Matar. |
Anand |
Sojitra,Umrath,Khambhat,Borsad,Sarsa,Tarapur,Undel,Vadtl |
Sabarkantha |
Khedbrahma, Vijaynagar, Vadali, Idar, Bhiloda, Himatnagar, Prantij,
Meghraj, Malpur, Bayad, Dhansura. |
Kerala |
Wayanad |
Thavinhal,Valatl,Hatika,Puthady,Kalpetta,Chegual,Thariode,
Vallarimela,Koltappadi,Vayittri. |
Palakkad |
Tudikki,Mukkali,Korgad,Pallavur,Chittadi,Mudarachal,
Parambikolam, Elattodu, Kollangod, Naitala, Chittu |
Idukki |
Painavu,Nadunkandam,Devikulam,Todupulai,Piramad. |
Kollam |
Tekku,Todi,Karupra,Veliyam,Kanur,Anchal,Pallinam, |
Kozhikode |
Chekkiad,Valayam,Mariyur,Kottur,Pudipaddi,Vavad, Kuruvattur,
Mavur, Olavanna. |
Tamil
Nadu |
Karur |
Paramatti,Muntipalavau,Thantoni,Mayanur,Panjapatti, Kadavur,
Kulittatai, Kadavur, Kulittatai, Krishnarayapuram |
Villupuram |
Avalurpettai,Gingee,Sankarapuram,Kallakkurichchi, Ulundurpettai,
Tirukkovilur, Vlundurpetti, Vanum,Vallam |
Coimbatore |
Muttuppalaiyam,Avinashi,Tiruppur,Palladam,Udumallaippettai,Pollac |
Salem |
Mettur, Yercaud, Idappadi, Omalpur, Attur, Gangavalli, Sankagiri |
Dharmapuri |
Pennagaram, Harur, Pappireedipatti, Palakkodu, Pochampalli |
Orissa |
Kalahandi |
Dharamgarh, Bhawanipatna, Lanjigarh, Jayapatna |
Koraput |
Kotapad,Boriguma,Jaypur,Machhakund,Nandapur,Singpuru,Bagra,
Rayisingi,Jalaput,Gupteshwar. |
Mayurbhanj |
Hemagiri, Banel, Panposh, Raj Gangpur, |
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8. |
Criteria and description of grades |
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a) AGMARK standards for rhizomes |
Table 14.6: AGMARK standards for turmeric rhizomes a |
|
Grade |
Flexibility |
Broken
pieces,
fingers<15
mm |
Foreign
matter |
Defectives |
Percentage of
bulbs byweight, max. |
|
|
No more than
(% by weight) |
No more than
(% by
weight) |
No more than
(% by weight) |
|
|
Good |
Hard to touch |
5 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
Fair |
Hard |
7 |
1.5 |
5 |
5 |
Fingers, other than Alleppey b
|
Special |
Hard to touch,
metallic twang on
break |
2 |
1 |
0.5 |
2 |
Good |
Same |
3 |
1.5 |
1 |
3 |
Fair |
Hard |
5 |
2 |
1.5 |
5 |
|
Special |
Hard to touch,
metallic twang on
break |
3 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
Good |
Same |
5 |
1.5 |
5 |
3 |
Fair |
Hard |
7 |
2 |
7 |
5 |
Non
specified |
- |
- |
4 |
- |
- |
Bulbs d |
Special |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Good |
- |
- |
1.5 |
3 |
- |
Fair |
- |
- |
2 |
5 |
- |
|
ahttp://www.turmeric.8m.com/standards.html |
b: Fingers shall be of secondary rhizomes of Curcuma longa L.; shall be well set and close grained;
free from bulbs; be perfectly dry and free from weevil damage and fungus attack; not be artificially
coloured with chemicals. |
c: same as (b); have the characteristics of the variety; admixture of varieties of turmeric allowed at a
maximum of 2%, 5%, 10% and 10% in the four grades, respectively. |
d: Bulbs shall be primary rhizomes of Curcuma longa L.; shall be well developed, smooth and free
from rootlets; have the characteristics of variety; be perfectly dry and free from weevil damage and
fungus attack; not be artificially coloured with chemicals |
b) Agmark standard for turmeric powder |
Table 14.7: Grade designation and definitions of quality of Turmeric Powder |
|
Special Characteristics |
Grade
designation |
Moistur
e % by
wt |
Total ash
%by wt
max |
Acid
insoluble
ash, %by
wt max |
Lead
(ppm)
max |
starch
% by
wt max |
chromate
test |
General Characteristics |
Standard |
10.0 |
7.0 |
1.5 |
2.5 |
60.0 |
Negative |
1. Turmeric powder shall be
prepared by grinding clean, dry
turmeric rhizomes.
2. It shall have its characteristic
taste, flavour and be free form
musty odour.
3. It shall be free form dirt, mould
growth & insect infestation.
4. It shall be free from any
colouring matter such as lead
chromate, preservatives and
extraneous material such as cereal
or pulse, ,flour or any added
starch.
5. It shall be ground to such a
fineness that all of it passes
through a 300 microne sieve. |
|
Source: http://www.turmeric.8m.com/standards.html |
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Table 14.8: Grade designation and definitions of quality of Turmeric Powder (Coarse Ground) |
|
Grade designation |
Grade
designation |
Moisture
% by wt |
Total ash
%by wt
max |
Acid
insoluble
ash, %by
wt max |
Lead
(ppm)
max |
starch % by
wt max |
chroma
te test |
General Characteristics |
Standard |
10.0 |
9.0 |
1.5 |
2.5 |
60.0 |
Negati
ve |
1. Turmeric powder shall be
prepared by grinding clean, dry
turmeric rhizomes.
2. It shall have its characteristic
taste, flavour and be free form
musty odour.
3. It shall be free form dirt, mould |
|
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growth & insect infestation.
4. It shall be free from any
colouring matter such as lead
chromate, preservatives and
extraneous material such as cereal
or pulse, flour or any added starch.
5. It shall be ground to such
fineness that all of it passes
through a 500 micron sieve. |
|
Source: http://www.turmeric.8m.com/standards.html |
c) European Spice Association (ESA) quality and sanitation specifications |
Table 14.9: ESA quality specifications |
|
S.No. |
Specification |
Turmeric |
|
|
Whole |
Ground |
1 |
Extraneous matter % |
1 |
1 |
2 |
Foreign matter % |
2 |
2 |
3 |
Ash % w/w max (ISO) |
8 (BSI) |
9(ISO) |
4 |
Acid insoluble ash % w/w max |
2(BSI) |
2.5 (ESA) |
5 |
Maximum water % w/w max |
12(BSI) |
10 (ISO) |
6 |
Volatile oil |
2.5(BSI) |
1.5 (ESA) |
7 |
Microbe
c. Salmonella abs in 25 g, yeast &
molds
d. E. coli |
105/g target, max 106/g absolute
102/g target, max 103/g absolute |
|
Source:http//www.espspices.org/content/pdts/ESAQualityMinimalDocument191104.pdp |
BSI : Bureau Standards Institute |
ESA : European Spices Association |
ISO : International Organization for Standardization |
d) ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) Cleanliness Specifications for Turmeric: |
Turmeric exported to USA should conform to the cleanliness specification stipulated by the
American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) |
|
Whole Insects
dead(by count) |
Excreta
Mammalian
(mg/lb) |
Excreta
Other
(mg/lb) |
Mold
% (wt) |
Insect defiled
infested (% wt) |
Extraneous Foreign
Matter(%/Wt) |
3 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
3.0 |
2.50 |
0.50 |
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9. |
Packaging and its details |
|
(a) For exports |
Packaging is normally done in clean gunny bags and it should be polythene laminated gunny
bags |
(b) For domestic markets |
For domestic markets, turmeric are packed in gunny bags and jute sacks. |
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10. |
Distribution of produce from primary to terminal market |
|
|
Turmeric grown in southern states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh find
major markets in states like Maharashtra, M.P, U.P, and further goes to Delhi, Punjab and
Haryana. |
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Turmeric grown in Gujarat is distributed in nearby markets of Rajasthan. |
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Turmeric from Orissa and West Bengal finds markets in Chattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar etc. |
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Turmeric from Sikkim is distributed in North Eastern states. |
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11. |
Price graph of turmeric |
|
 |
*The above graph showing the price (in Rs./Qtl.) of turmeric in leading states |
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12. |
Exports and export potential |
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A. Domestic strengths for exporting turmeric |
Domestic strengths for exporting turmeric are given below: |
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India is a largest producer of turmeric in the world. |
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India has bred improved and high yielding cultivars of turmeric |
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India is in dominant position as far as production; trade etc. of turmeric is concerned. |
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There is a strong research support for cultivation of turmeric on scientific lines, as Indian
Institute of Spices Research is located in Callicut and also State Agricultural Universities
in various states. |
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More than 80% of turmeric is cultivated in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states. |
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APEDA has sanctioned an Agri Export Zone for turmeric in Orissa state to enhance
export of turmeric from the state |
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B. Export |
India has monopoly in turmeric trade at world level. Although India is the largest producer
of turmeric in the world (846700 tons) but it exported only 6% of the total production. India,
exported 51500 tons of turmeric during 2006-07. This is substantial compared to 37,644 tons
during 2003-04. (Table 14.10 & Fig. 36). |
Table 14.10: Export of turmeric from India |
|
Year |
Quantity(tons) |
Value(Rs. Lakh) |
2003-2004 |
37044.3 |
13111.7 |
2004-2005 |
43096.6 |
15625.0 |
2005-2006 |
46404.9 |
15286.0 |
2006-2007 |
51500.0 |
16480.0 |
|
Source: Spices Board, Cochin. |
|
 |
C. Export potential |
Present exports and export potential of turmeric, region wise is discussed in the following pages:- |
(i) GCC countries |
India exported 9550 tons of turmeric to GCC countries. UAE imported maximum
quantity of 7823 tons, whereas Saudi Arabia imported 1406 tons and Kuwait 320 tons. Export
potential should be further exploited by exploring exports to Bahrain, Oman and Qatar. |
(ii) Middle East countries |
Exports of turmeric was mainly to Iran (6094 tons), Egypt (2057 tons), Morocco (736
tons), Israel (632 tons) etc. amounting approx. to 9821 tons. India must also explore the
opportunity of exporting to Turkey, Algeria, Kenya, Yemen, Jordan etc. |
(iii) European countries |
Turmeric was exported to EU countries up to 9508 tons, the largest importers were
UK (2896 tons), Netherlands (1816 tons), Germany (1155 tons), France (627 tons) etc.
Turmeric was also exported to East European countries like Russia (567 tons) and Poland (47
tons). Export of turmeric needs to be explored in remaining European countries as there is
huge potential for export. |
(iv) ASEAN countries |
Some amount of turmeric was also exported to ASEAN countries comprising
Malaysia (2263 tons) and Singapore (622 tons). Export needs to be pursued in Philippines,
also. There is no scope of exporting to Indonesia. |
(v) Pacific Rim countries and China |
India exported 2631 tons of turmeric to Japan as per APEDA database. There are no
authentic figures about exports of Indian turmeric to South Korea and Australia, but as per
Comtrade database India exported 267 tons to South Korea and 462 tons to Australia.Further
exports to these countries need to be tried, but there is no potential of exporting to China, as
this country is itself an exporting country. |
(vi) U.S.A and Canada |
Efforts for further enhancement of exports must be made.
Since India is exporting only 6% of its total production, therefore adequate campaign
needs to be launched highlighting healing properties of turmeric for boosting exports of
turmeric. Export of turmeric needs to be further explored in Central and South American
countries. |
D. Measures for enhancing competitiveness in exports- |
Following measures are likely to enhance the competitiveness in export of turmeric.
|
|
|
As far as turmeric is concerned, India is in dominant position; however, it has to maintain its
position with other future competitors like Indonesia, China, etc. |
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India must enhance its product quality, cleanliness of fingers, etc. |
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India must also improve total productivity to remain in dominant position, so that it continues
to supply at most competitive prices. For this, the area under high yielding cultivars needs to
be increased by supplying micro tubers multiplied through tissue culture. |
13. |
Documents required for exports |
|
a) Documents related to goods |
a) Invoice b) Packing List c) Certificate of origi |
b) Documents related to shipment |
a) Mate Receipt b) Shipping Bill c) Bill of handing d) Airway Bill |
c) Documents related to Payment |
a) Letter of Credit (L/C) b) Bill of Exchange |
d) Documents related to quality of goods |
a) Phytosanitary Certificate b) GLOBALGAP Certification c) Health Certificate |
e) Organic Certification |
- Certificate indicating material produce is based on organic farming. |
f) Documents related to Foreign Exchange Regulations |
GR Form: Documents required by RBI which assures to RBI that the exporter will realize
the proceeds of goods within 180 days from the date of Shipment. |
g) Other Document |
Bank Realization Certification (BRC): This is the advice given by Foreign Exchange Bank
after the realization of money from Importer. |
|
14. |
Chain of events (pack house up to shipment) |
|
↓
Harvesting |
↓
Cooking |
↓
Curing |
Drying
↓ |
Polishing |
↓ |
Storage
↓ |
Shipment
↓ |
|
15. |
Price prevailing in international markets |
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The given below tables shows the annual average price range of turmeric in EU markets. The
table 14.11 shows the pricing trend in the markets of EU countries. |
Table 14.11: Summary of prices for turmeric in target markets for India |
|
|
Annual Average price Range (2003-08) |
Currency |
EU |
USD/kg |
0.84 to 1.73 |
INR/kg |
38.15 to 78.08 |
|
Source: Comtrade Database |
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16. |
Cost Calculation from harvest to packhouse to port |
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Cost estimates for exports of turmeric from India (as per information collected during 2008) |
(a) Procurement price*: |
Approx. price (Rs. /kg) : 30-40 |
*Price of turmeric varies according to variety, month of procurement |
(b) Charges for sorting/grading, processing/grinding, packing, transport etc. (below in
table): |
Table 14.12: Charges for sorting/grading, processing/grinding, packing, transport, etc. |
|
Particulars (Cost per kg) |
20’ container (12500 kg) |
Sorting / Grading |
3.0 |
Processing / grinding |
3.5 |
Packing (includes cost of packing material) |
4.0 |
Loading truck/container |
2.0 |
Transport to port includes C & F |
2.0 |
Total |
14.5 |
|
Source: Spices Board, Cochin |
|
(c) Sea freight charges*:
Freight rates for ordinary container are as follows:
Ordinary containers
(Rates in US dollars)
20----------------’ 40’
(i) Dubai/Doha 600 900
(ii) Kuala Lampur/Singapore 100 175
(iii)Flaxo (UK)/Amsterdam 900 1450
* It varies from year to year /season to season, capacity of container and distance covered. |
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